Soil contaminatioon by nickel and copper

Index / Articles

Kozlov, M.V., Haukioja, E. & Yarmishko, V.T. (Eds).
Aerial pollution in Kola Peninsula: Proceedings of the International Workshop,
April 14-16, 1992, St.Petersburg. Apatity, 1993, pp. 119-147

Soil contaminatioon by nickel and copper in area polluted by "Severonikel" smelter complex

Valery Sh.Barkan, Rimma P.Pankratova, Anna V.Silina
Lapland Biosphere Reserve, 184280 Monchegorsk, Murmansk region, Russia
Murmansk Regional Laboratory of Arkhangelsk Forest Institute, 184280 Monchegorsk, Murmansk region, Russia

Abstract

Data on metal content in forest podzol soils (illuvial ferriferous rich humus) and sphagnum peat bogs affected by aerial emissions are given. The polluted territory exceeded 3000 km². The nickel and copper concentrations within 10-12 km radius were 50-80 times higher compared with the unpolluted territories. Content of metals in sphagnum peat bogs correlated with ones in forest soils from the same plots; thus, the bogs are very convenient objects for the analyze of metal accumulation.

1. Introduction

The "Severonikel" smelter complex is situated in Monchegorsk (latitude 68⁰N), the Kola Peninsula, at the border of the northern taiga and near-tundra forest zones. The annual pollution in 1987 into the atmosphere was 2.2-2.4 x 10⁸kg of S0₂ and 8-10 x 10⁶kg of nickel and copper (Anonymous, 1988). Heavy metals are emitted in the form of metallurgical dust and aerosols. The pollutants are dispersed over distances of tens to hundreds of kilometres from the smelter. The deposition pattern of metal-containing compounds is determined by the size of particles, wind direction and relief of the territory.
The effects of pollutants emitted during 50 years of operation are disastrous for the environment. About 25000 ha of forest are completely destroyed, and about 45000 ha are significantly damaged and will most likely decline in 15-20 years. Around 400000 ha of forest already showed signs of damage (Tsvetkov, 1990a). The border of complete forest destruction last years moved 1 km annually, but recently the speed increased up to 2-3 km.
The environmental pollution in surroundings of Monchegorsk were studied by many researchers (Alestchukin, 1972; Doncheva, 1976, 1978; Boltneva e.a., 1978; Kashulina, 1982, 1988; Evdokimova, 1984,1985, 1985; Karaban e.a., 1985; Tsvetkov, 1985, 1990; Kryuchkov & Makarova, 1989; Alexeyev, 1990; Norin & Yarmishko, 1990). Increase of the content of heavy metals close to the smelter was repeatedly reported, but only fragmentary data (mostly restricted to the road St.-Petersburg - Murmansk) have been published.
The aim of this study is to outline zones with different levels of soil contamination by nickel and copper. More than half of collected soil samples are not analyzed yet, and the complete results will be published elsewhere.

2. Materials and methods

The soil samples were collected around "Severonikel" smelter complex, mostly in forests, but also inside the town of Monchegorsk and on sphagnum peat bogs.
Exchangeable acidity and mobile aluminium were determined from a IN NaCl extract according to Sokolov, total titratable acidity from a NR, acetate extract according to Kappen, exchangeable calcium and magnesium by titration with EDTA from a IN NaCl extract, the organic matter content according to the Tiurin method, total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium according to Kirsanov, alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen according to Cornfilde. For the descriptions of methods, see Arinushkina (1970) and Sokolov (1975).
The total Ni and Cu contents were determined after ashing the samples at 450-500⁰ С and extraction with acid by colorimetric method after complexation with dimethylglyoxime for Ni, and by reaction with lead diethyl carbamate after extraction with chloroform for Cu (Anonymous, 1988).

Results and Discussion

It is generally accepted that exchangeable cations are leached from the exchange sites in the soil as a result of acidic deposition, and change subsequently take place in the nutrient balance of the soil. This is especially the case for Ca, Mg, N and K. In our case, however, a clear relationship between the basic/acidic properties of the soil and deposition levels could only be demonstrated in areas where the pollution level is very high, i.e. at distances of less than 10 km from the complex. However, no signs of acidification were found on such plots. The soils investigated in this study are naturally very acidic: the pH of the A₀ horizon 3.0-3.5, but in the deeper layers less acidic (4.3-5.4) (Tab. 2.)
The Ni and Cu contents of all the affected soils were very high, especially in the A₀ horizon (Tabs 3-4). 40-50 km NE of the complex, concentrations in the A₀ herizon were 2-3 times higher compared with the background levels; 30 km S - 20 times; 10-12 km 50-80 times higher. Total accumulation, i.e. the amount of Ni and Cu in a whole soil profile down to a subsoil, exceeded the background level 8-9 times on some of the most severely polluted plots. In general, the Ni and Cu contents fell with increasing distance from the smelter; the fluctuations of contents are due to terrain factors (Figs 1-2).

Nickel and copper emissions from the complex increased 3.5 times during the past 20 years, and a sudden increase of 2-2.5 times was occurred in 1982 (Anonymous, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1988). The deposition of Ni and Cu on the soil surface obviously greatly exceeds the natural leaching of these metals, and the contents of Ni and Cu increased rapidly (Tab. 1). The level of Ni in the upper soil layer increased 1.5-2, Cu - 2-6 times during 10 years. The greater increase in Cu contents is due to the sharp rise of copper emissions during 1980-88. The content of nickel and copper in sphagnum peat bogs (Tab. 5) was at the same level as in the forest soils from the same plots (Tab. 2). Thus, sphagnum peat bogs are very convenient objects for estimation of heavy metal accumulation: they are widely distributed at Kola Peninsula, sampling and treatment are less laborous, and variation is lower compared with forest soils.

Table 1
The increase of metal contents in the organic layer on plots located close to the smelter during 10 years.

№/№ Plot position Category Content, mg/kg dry soil

dis- azimuth nickel copper

km (°) 1979 1988 ratio 1979 1988 ratio

1 6 180 Fumes 1860 2573 1.4 863 2079 2.4

2 2.5 270 Clearing 1077 1334 1.2 399 486 1.2

3 3 15 Fumes 4476 9288 2.1 1814 4262 2.3

4 1.5 290 Meadow 1306 2798 2.1 458 1552 3.4

5 2.5 15 Eroded* 240 347 1.4 111 653 5.9

* Analyses done on the В horizon.

Conclusions

Emissions of metal-containing dust from "Severonikel" smelter complex over 50-year period resulted in the soil contamination by nickel and copper over the area >3000 km², including the half of territory of the Lapland Biosphere Reserve. The concentrations of Ni and Cu rapidly increased close to the smelter; within 10-12 km radius, metal content in the A₀ horizon was 50-80 times higher compared with the background level.

Table 2
Chemical properties of the soils

H
o
r
i
z
o
n Organic
matter
content
% Total
Nitrogen
% Ph Acidity Exchan
geable
bases Exchan
geable
aluminium Satura
tion
base
% P K Alkaline
hydrolis.
Nitrogen

H₂0 KCI exchan
geable total
titratable Ca Hg

meg per 100 g
of dry matter meg per 100 g
of dry matter

Vacciniun Vitis-Idaea pine forest

Ao 49.0 0.70 4.3 3.3 11.2 61.1 10.0 2.3 8.5 17 9.0 26 57

31.0-58.4 0.2-0.9 4.0-4.6 3.1-3.5 7.7-15.7 51.2-79.2 6.2-16.5 1.4-4.2 5.1-14.7 14-27 6-14 13-133 39-79

A₂ 2.7 0.07 4.3 3.8 1.7 5.7 0.3 0.1 1.6 7 0.2 0.8 6

1.5-4.7 0.01-0.1 4.1-5.2 3.3-4,2 0.9-2.9 2.6-10.0 0.1-0.8 tr.-0.14 18-2.8 2-19 0.06-0.6 0.4-1.6 4-17

В 3.2 0.08 5.2 4.8 0.7 5.5 0.3 0.03 0.7 6 2.0 0.4 9

1.6-5.6 0.02-0.15 4.8-5,7 4.6-5.2 0.2-2.1 3.2-9.5 0.03-0.7 tr.-0.06 0.1-2.0 1-19 0.8-5.6 0.4-1.2 4-16

ВС 1.1 0.05 5.2 5.0 0.4 2.7 0.2 0.06 0.4 9 3.0 0.8 5

0.5-2.0 0.02-0.1 5.1-6.1 4.5-5.4 0.1-1.3 1.2-4.2 0.03-0.5 tr.-0.2 0.1-1.3 2-21 1.4-7.4 0.4-3.6 4-8

С 0.6 0.04 5.9 4.9 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.03 0.2 13 5.0 0.4 4

0.3-1.1 0.01-0.1 5.4-6.4 4.6-5.3 0.1-0.9 0.7-2.7 tr.-0.2 tr.-0.7 0.1-1.0 3-35 0.6-11 0.1-1.2 2-7

Eupetrum apruce forest

Ao 66.4 1.00 4.1 3.2 9.4 80.5 13.2 1.8 4.7 16 10.0 30 82

53.7-73,7 0.7-1.1 4.0-4.4 3.0-3.4 9.0-11.0 72.9-92.1 7.8-17.5 0.4-2.8 3.4-6.1 10-20 5.6-21.4 18-52 47-122

A₂ 3.0 0.08 4.3 3.4 2.1 6.1 0.2 0.04 1.8 4 0.2 1.2 9

1.5-5.2 0.03-0.2 4.2-4.6 3.2-3.7 0.8-4.2 2.9-8.8 О.07-О.4 0.02-0.08 0.6-4.0 2-7 tr.-0.8 0.4-1.6 3-17

В 7.1 0.17 5.1 4.4 2.1 11.4 0.2 0.03 1.1 2 1.5 0.8 12

3.6-11.9 0.05-0.30 4.8-5.4 4.1-4.6 0.4-2.6 5.6-19.7 0.1-0.4 0.02-0.04 0.4-2.5 1-4 0.8-2.8 0.4-1.6 6-17

ВС 2.0 0.07 5.6 4.8 0.2 4.4 0.2 0.02 0.2 5 1.5 0.4 8

0.7-4.4 0.02-0.15 5.1-6.0 4.6-5.2 0.1-0.4 3.4-8.2 0.1-0.35 tr.-0.4 0.1-0.4 1-9 0.6-3.6 0.4-0.8 3-11

C 1.0 0.05 5.9 4.8 0.2 2.7 0.3 0.03 0.2 11 3.5 0.4 5

0.4-1.7 0.01-0.1 5.1-6.4 4.5-5.0 0.1-0.5 1.6-4.7 0.1-0.5 tr.-0.06 0.1-0.5 2-25 1.2-5.8 0.4-0.8 2-9

Felled areas

Ao 61.4 0.94 3.2 81.6 10.8 1.9 13 9.0 25 56

51.3-61.4 0.52-1.18 3.1-3.4 69.8-89.3 8.4-14.5 0.6-3.6 10-17 6.0-14.4 20-32 46-73

A₂ 2.2 0.07 3.4 5.0 0.2 0.04 5 0.4 0.8 5

1.5-3.6 0.03-0.10 3.3-3.6 3.8-6.9 0.2-0.3 tr.-0.07 4-7 0.2-0.6 0.4-1.2 3-7

В 5.8 0.14 4.5 7.9 0.2 0.03 3 1.5 0.8 11

3.6-8.8 0.05-0.24 4.1-4.9 4.4-9.8 0.1-0.3 tr.-0.08 1-4 1.0-2.2 0.4-1.2 6-17

ВС 2.3 8.07 4.9 4.9 0.2 0.02 4 2.0 0.4 7

1.4-4.4 0.02-0.14 4.6-5.2 3.6-8.7 tr.-0.4 tr.-0.04 1-10 0.2-2.0 0.4-0.8 3-11

С 0.6 0.03 4.9 2.9 0.1 0.01 4 5.0 0.4 3

0.2-0.9 0.02-0.05 4.6-5.2 1,6-3.2 0.06-0.3 tr.-0.02 1-14 0.2-2.8 tr.-1.2 2-4

Burnt areas

Ao 55.0 0.86 3.3 72.7 8.5 1.0 12 6.0 13 55

46.6-66.3 0.51-0.95 3.1-3.5 47.4-89.3 3.0-12.0 0,4-1.9 4-17 0.8-3.4 4.4-24 34-82

A₂ 2,7 0.07 4.2 5.3 0.2 0.05 5 0.2 0.4 8

1.2-6.4 0.04-0.15 3.3-4.7 3.1-9.6 0.06-0.5 0.01-0.1 2-12 0.4-3.4 tr.-1.2 4-20

В 5.5 0.20 4.5 9.6 0.3 0.03 3 1.2 0.8 11

2.5-7.8 0.09-0.49 4.1-4.9 6.5-14.1 tr.-0.5 tr.-0.07 1-12 0.6-2,4 0.4-1.2 7-14

ВС 3.6 0.09 5.1 4.4 0.2 0.02 5 2.6 0.4 7

0.6-7.0 0.03-0.27 4.7-5.3 1.9-9.1 tr.-0.5 tr.-0.08 2-10 0.8-5.0 tr.-0.8 3-14

C 1.1 0.05 4.9 2.6 0.15 0.02 6 4.2 0.4 4

0.2-4.0 0.01-0.14 4.7-5.4 1.4-3.9 0.06-0.4 tr.-0.05 2-10 0.6-10.4 tr.-0.8 2-9

Таблица 3
Accumulation of nickel and copper of the forest soils

№/№ Place and year of collection Plot position in relation to the smelter Horizon Horizon thickness cm Metal content mg/kg Total content in soil column of 1 m², g The share in the horizon, %

km degrees Ni Cu Ni Cu Ni Cu

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 V. vltis-idaea Pine forest, 1989 20 0 Аo 9 660 240 7.1 2.6

2 Mossy swamp Pine forest, 1989 16 15 Аo 13 680 725 10.6 11.3

3 V. vltis-idaea Pine forest, 1986 10 45 Аo 10 2445 1174 36.7 17.6 37.4 42.0

А2 5 200 50 11.6 2.9 11.8 6.9

В 10 145 24 15.2 2.5 15.5 6.0

ВС 15 123 77 19.4 12.2 19.8 29.1

С 10 109 48 15.2 6.7 15.5 16.0

50 98.1 41.9 100.0 100.0

4 The same, 1986 12 45 Аo 5 2720 1090 21.8 8.7 28.7 24.7

А2 5 225 54 13.1 3.1 17.2 8.8

В 10 90 45 9.5 4.7 12.5 13.4

ВС 20 86 54 18.1 11.3 23.8 32.1

С 10 96 53 13.5 7.4 17.8 21.0

50 76.0 35.2 100.0 100.0

5 The same, 1986 20 45 Аo 5 504 238 4.0 1.6 9.4 9.6

А2 5 13 9 0.8 0.5 1.9 3.0

В 15 65 26 10.3 4.1 24.2 24.6

С 15 102 38 15.8 6.0 37.2 35.9

ВС 10 83 32 11.6 4.5 27.3 26.9

50 42.5 16.7 100.0 100.0

6 The same, 1988 50 45 Аo 3 112 38 0.5 0.2 4.0 3.5

A2 5 24 6 1.4 0.3 11.5 5.4

В 19 32 15 6.4 3.0 52.5 53.6

С 10 28 15 3.9 2.1 31.0 37.5

37 12.2 5.6 100.0 100.0

7 The same, 1986 30 55 Аo 3 260 82 1.3 0.4 5.8 2.8

А2 2 76 23 1.8 0.5 8.0 2.5

В 5 97 49 5.1 2.6 22.6 18.2

ВС 10 30 44 3.1 4.6 13.6 32.2

С 10 80 44 11.3 6.2 50.0 43.3

30 22.6 14.3 100.0 100.0

8 V. vitls-idaea Pine foreet, 1987 46 60 Аo 3 73 34 0.3 0.2 1.7 2.0

А2 5 10 8 0.6 0.5 3.3 5.0

В 18 29 9 5.5 1.7 30.6 16.8

ВС 29 22 15 7.7 5.2 42.7 51.4

С 10 28 18 3.9 2.5 21.7 24.8

65 18.0 10.1 100.0 100.0

9 The same, 1990 10 64 Аo 11 730 430 9.6 5. 7 25.9 39.6

А2 3 104 14 3.7 0.5 10.0 3.5

В 25 38 16 11.4 4.8 30.7 33.3

С 10 95 26 12.4 3.4 33.4 23.6

49 37.1 14.4 100.0 100.0

10 The same, 1989 20 70 Аo 5 290 130 1.7 0.8

11 Spruce forest with pine and birch, 1990 9 80 Аo 15 420 270 7.6 4.9 13.0 30.1

А2 3 126 30 4.5 1.1 7.7 6. 7

В 10 92 24 11.0 2.9 18.8 17.8

ВС 6 84 49 6.0 3.5 10.3 21.5

С 10 115 30 15.0 3.9 25.6 23.9

44 58.5 16.3 100.0 100.0

12 Spruce forest with birch, 1990 15 87 Аo 10 170 50 2.0 0.6

13 The same, 1989 10 94 Аo 10 580 220 7.0 2.6

14 V. myrtlllus Pine forest, 1990 11 93 Аo 7 310 150 2.6 1.3 7.0 6.0

A2 5 40 23 2.4 1.4 6.4 6.4

В 10 80 62 9.6 7.4 25.7 33.9

ВС 8 78 40 7.5 3.8 20.1 17.5

С 10 117 61 15.2 7.9 40.8 36.2

40 37.3 21.8 100.0 100.0

15 Spruce forest with birch, 1990 13 93 Аo 12 240 100 3.5 1.4 11.2 10.2

А2 7 56 16 4.7 1.2 15.0 8.8

В 12 50 39 7.2 5.6 23.0 40.9

ВС 5 72 26 4.3 1.6 13.7 11.7

С 10 89 30 11.6 3.9 37.1 28.5

46 31.3 13.7 100.0 100.0

16 Birch forest, 1990 15 94 Аo 9 170 70 1.8 0.8 4.8 6.0

А2 3 72 13 2.6 0.5 6.9 3.7

В1 10 89 18 10.7 2.2 28.5 16.4

В2 10 64 21 7.7 2.5 20.5 18.7

ВЗ 10 64 25 7.7 3.0 20.5 22.4

В4 10 54 34 7.0 4.4 18.7 32.8

52 37.5 13.4 100.0 100.0

17 V. vitis-idaea Pine forest, 1990 11 107 Аo 15 170 160 3.1 2.9 6.7 15.0

А2 8 78 10 7.5 1.0 16.2 5.2

В1 15 109 28 19.6 5.0 42.4 25.9

В2 15 89 58 16.0 10.4 34.6 53.9

53 46.2 19.3 100.0 100.0

18 The same, 1988 12 125 Аo 6 315 142 2.8 1.3 16.2 8.1

А2 17 12 5 2.3 1.0 13.3 6.2

В 23 32 28 7.7 6.7 44.5 41.6

ВС 16 18 22 3.5 4.2 22.2 26.1

С 10 8 24 1.0 2.9 5.8 18.0

72 17.3 16.1 100.0 100.0

19 The same, 1989 16 125 Аo 10 143 50 1.7 0.6

20 V. vitls-idaea Spruce forest, 1989 18 145 Аo 10 220 88 2.6 1.1

21 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1989 15 150 Аo 10 830 320 10.0 3.8

22 V. vitis-idaea Pine forest, 1987 25 150 Аo 5 231 103 1.7 0.8 10.8 9.5

А2 5 18 7 1.0 0.4 6.3 4.8

В 30 35 13 11.0 4.1 69.6 48.8

С 10 15 22 2.1 3.1 13.3 36.9

50 15.8 8.4 100.0 100.0

23 V. vitls-idaea Spruce forest, 1989 30 170 Аo 12 400 138 5.8 2.0

24 Burnt area, 1988 6 180 Аo 5 2573 2079 6.4 5.2 16.6 20.3

А2 2 155 63 3.7 1.5 9.6 5.9

В 10 135 54 13.5 5.4 35.0 21.1

ВС 13 52 42 8,1 6.6 21.0 25.7

С 10 48 49 6.9 6.9 17.8 27.0

40 38.6 25.6 100.0 100.0

25 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1988 8 180 Аo 6 3960 1960 11.9 5.9 24.0 23.6

А2 4 122 42 5.9 2.0 12.0 8.0

В 10 160 65 16.0 6.5 32.3 26.0

ВС 13 62 39 9.7 6.1 19.6 24.4

с 10 43 32 6.0 4.5 12.1 18.0

43 49.5 25.0 100.0 100.0

26 Burnt area, 1988 8 180 Аo 2 2915 1850 2.9 1.9 5.8 8.4

Д2 4 69 44 3.3 2.1 6.7 9.3

В 16 102 54 16.3 8.6 33.0 38.3

ВС 14 66 28 11.1 4.7 22.5 20.9

С 10 113 37 15.8 5.2 32.0 23.2

46 49.4 22.5 100.0 100.0

27 Burnt area, 1988 10 180 Аo 5 2570 2080 6.4 5.2 16.7 20.5

А2 2 155 63 3.7 1.5 9.6 5.9

В 10 135 54 13.5 5.4 35.2 21.2

ВС 13 52 42 8.1 6.6 21.1 26.0

С 10 49 49 6.7 6.7 17.4 26.4

40 38.4 25.4 100.0 100.0

28 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1986 14 190 Аo 4 633 221 1.3 0.4 3.0 3.5

А2 3 65 16 2.3 0.6 5.5 6.3

В 9 115 30 10.4 2.7 24.8 23.9

ВС 7 129 37 10.8 3.1 25.7 27.4

С 10 123 32 17.2 4.5 41.0 39.8

33 42.0 11.3 100.0 100.0

29 The same, 1986 16 180 Аo 5 496 95 1.2 0.2 3.7 1.2

А2 4 68 12 3.2 0.6 10.1 3.8

В 9 78 26 7.0 2.3 21.4 14.6

ВС 12 89 42 12.8 6.0 39.1 38.0

С 10 61 48 8.5 6.7 25.7 42.4

40 32.7 15.8 100.0 100.0

30 Felled area, 1989 16 180 Аo 5 729 385 1.8 1.0 5.8 4.6

А2 6 74 18 5.3 1.3 17.0 6.0

В 15 34 30 5.1 4.5 16.4 20.7

ВС 19 46 39 10.5 8.9 33.8 41.0

С 10 60 43 8.4 6.0 27.0 27.7

55 31.1 21.7 100.0 100.0

31 Burnt area, 1988 16 180 Аo 2 1575 844 1.6 0.8 4.0 4.5

A2 5 49 12 2.9 0.7 7.2 3.9

В 15 127 45 19.1 6.8 47.3 38.0

ВС 17 51 30 10.2 6.0 25.2 33.5

С 10 47 26 6.6 3.6 16.3 20.1

49 40.4 17.9 100.0 100.0

32 Felled area, 1988 16 180 Аo 6 481 203 1.4 0.6 4.7 4.3

А2 4 72 11 3.4 0.5 11.3 3.6

В 14 69 18 9.S 2.5 32.2 18.2

ВС 10 78 44 9.4 5.3 31.2 38.4

С 10 44 35 6.2 4.9 20.6 35.5

44 30.1 13.8 100.0 100.0

33 Burnt area, 1987 16 185 Аo 1 1640 715 0.8 0.4 4.4 4.3

А2 102 32 1.2 0.4 6.6 4.3

В 17 52 21 1.2 0.4 6.6 4.3

ВС 12 55 25 5.0 2.3 27.3 24.5

С 10 49 32 1.7 4.6 38.7 48.5

40 18.3 9.4 100.0 100.0

34 Burnt area, 1986 20 180 Аo 5 594 205 1.5 0.5 3.7 2.8

А2 4 43 12 2.1 0.6 5.2 3.4

В 14 78 40 10.9 5.6 27.2 31.3

ВС 12 93 35 13.4 5.0 33.3 27.9

С 10 88 44 12.3 6.2 30.6 34.6

45 40.2 17.9 100.0 100.0

35 The same, 1988 21 180 Аo 6 990 440 3.0 1.3 14.2 6.3

А2 6 49 11 3.5 0.8 16.4 3.9

В 13 41 33 5.3 4.3 24.9 20.8

ВС 14 28 44 4.7 7.4 22.0 35.7

С 10 34 49 4.8 6.9 22.5 33.3
49 21.3 20.7 100.0 100.0

36 Felled area, 1988 21 180 Аo 3 1100 660 1.7 1.0 9.2 5.8

A2 5 30 5 1.8 0.3 9.6 1.7

В 14 38 22 5.3 3.1 28.3 17.9

ВС 16 40 43 6.7 7.2 35.8 41.6

С 10 23 41 3.2 5.7 17.1 33.0

48 18.7 17.3 100.0 100.0

37 Burnt area, 1988 21 180 Аo 4 840 430 1.7 0.9 9.7 5.2

А2 4 40 6 1.9 0.3 10.8 1.7

В 13 35 38 4.6 5.0 26.1 28.4

ВС 9 39 48 4.2 5.2 23.9 29.5

С 10 37 44 5.2 6.2 29.5 35.2

50 17.6 17.6 100.0 100.0

38 Empetrum spruce forest, 1987 23 180 Аo 5 1182 512 3.0 1.3 8.8 7.0

А2 6 50 14 3.6 1.0 10.7 5.3

В 15 56 27 8.4 4.1 24.8 21.9

ВС 14 64 38 10.8 6.4 32.0 34.2

С 10 57 42 8.0 5.9 23.7 31. 6

50 33.8 18.7 100.0 100.0

39 Felled area, 1987 24 180 Аo 4 657 310 1.3 0.6 7.2 4.0

А2 5 37 9 2.2 0.5 12.2 3.3

В 10 48 34 4.8 3.4 26.5 22.7

ВС 14 37 36 6.2 6.2 34.2 41.3

С 10 26 31 3.6 4.3 19.9 28.7

43 18.1 15.0 100.0 100.0

40 Burnt area, 1988 24 180 Аo 2 845 485 0.8 0.5 3.5 3.3

А2 5 47 9 2.8 0.5 12.0 3.3

В 21 51 24 10.7 5.0 45.9 33.1

ВС 10 35 32 4.2 3.8 18.0 25.2

С 10 34 38 4.8 5.3 20.6 35.1

48 23.3 15.1 100.0 100.0

41 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1986 32 185 Аo 8 662 207 2.6 0.8 9.2 8.8

A2 10 30 12 3.6 1.4 12.6 15.6

В 13 39 11 5.1 1.4 18.0 15.6

ВС 17 60 14 12.2 2.9 43.0 32.2

С 10 35 18 4.9 2.5 17.2 27.8

58 28.4 9.0 100.0 100.0

42 Burnt area top of slope, 1988 34 180 Аo 3 275 155 0.4 0.2 3.2 2.5

А2 3 15 9 0.5 0.3 4.0 3.8

В 12 21 14 2.5 2.5 19.8 31.6

ВС 18 25 11 5.4 2.4 42.9 30.4

С 10 27 18 3.8 2.5 30.1 31.7

46 12.6 7.9 100.0 100.0

43 Burnt area bottom of slope, 1988 34 180 Аo 3 330 155 0.5 0.3 4.7 3.3

А2 7 12 13 1.0 1.1 9.5 12.2

В 11 15 14 1.7 1.5 16.0 16.7

ВС 15 21 14 3.8 2.5 35.8 27.8

С 10 26 22 3.6 3.6 34.0 40.0

46 10.6 9.0 100.0 100.0

44 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1988 34 180 Аo 10 600 210 3.0 1.0 27.0 11.5

А2 8 12 11 1.2 1.1 10.8 12.7

В 10 10 17 1.0 1.7 9.0 19.5

ВС 13 25 12 3.9 1.8 35.2 20.7

С 10 14 22 2.0 3.1 18.0 35.6

51 10.6 8.7 100.0 100.0

45 Felled area, 1988 34 180 Аo 7 320 200 1.1 0.7 11.3 7.5

А2 5 13 3.5 0.8 0.2 8.2 2.1

В 11 33 21.5 3.6 2.4 37.2 25.5

ВС 10 10 25 1.2 3.0 12.4 31.9

С 10 21.5 22.1 3.0 3.1 30.9 33.0

43 9.7 9.4 100.0 100.0

46 V. myrtillus spruce forest, 1990 32 188 АO 20 130 70 3.1 1.7 12.8

A2 3 48 15 1.7 0.5 7.0

В 10 63 42 7.6 3.0 31.2

ВС 15 61 25 11.9 4.9 49.0

48 24.3 12.1 100.0

47 Pine forest on burnt area, 1990 11 195 Аo 3 1300 580 4.7 2.1

48 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 12 195 Аo 13 670 220

49 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 31 193 Аo 10 120 188 1.4 2 .3

50 The same, 1990 33 196 Аo 7 340 170 2.9 1.4

51 V. myrtillus and Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 23 197 Аo 5 420 260 2.5 1.6

52 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 25 197 Аo 5 400 290 2.4 1.7

53 The same, 1990 27 197 Аo 11 240 100 3.2 1.3

54 The same, 1990 26 197 Аo 12 275 175 4.0 2.6

А2 10 33 8 4.0 1.0

В 30 32 12 11.5 4.3

55 The same, 1990 27 197 Аo 8 320 190 3.1 1.8

56 The same, 1990 24 202 Аo 8 140 100 1.3 1.0

57 Felled area, 1988 24 200 Аo 6 121 75 1.1 0.7 4.7 4.9

А2 5 20 6 1.2 0.3 5.2 2.1

В 15 54 28 8.5 4.4 36.5 31.0

ВС 15 46 34 8.3 6.1 35.6 43.0

С 10 30 19 4.2 2.7 18.0 19.0

51 23.3 14.2 100.0 100.0

58 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 33 200 Аo 20 110 38 2.6 0.9

59 The same, 1990 33 200 Аo 13 180 70 2 .8 1.1

60 Pine forest on burnt area, 1990 10 205 Аo 10 325 140 3.9 1.7

61 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 25 205 Аo 5 600 200 3.6 1.2 12.0 8.8

А2 4 50 9 2.4 0.4 8.0 2.9

В 7 27 9 2.3 0.8 7.7 5.8

ВС 11 90 46 11.9 6.1 39.7 44.5

С 10 75 39 9.в 5.2 32.7 38.0

37 30.0 13.7 100.0 100.0

62 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 25 207 Аo 4 550 390 2.6 1.9

63 The same, 1990 27 208 Аo 5 450 130 2.7 0.8 6.5 2.4

А2 5 45 10 2.7 0.6 6.5 1.8

В 13 77 51 12.0 8.0 28.7 24.0

ВС 13 92 89 14.4 13.9 34.5 41.8

С 10 77 78 10.0 10.0 23.9 30.0

46 41.8 33.3 100.0 100.0

64 The same, 1990 23 210 Аo 13 110 110 1.7 1.7 8.4 14.5

А2 3 30 10 1.1 0.4 5.4 3.4

В 10 47 16 5.6 1.9 27.7 16.2

ВС 5 31 8 1.9 0.5 9.4 4.3

С 10 76 55 9.9 7.2 49.0 61.5

41 20.2 11.7 100.0 100.0

65 The same, 1990 25 210 Аo 5 660 290 4.0 1.7 22.3 15.5

А2 5 26 10 1.6 0.6 8.9 5.5

В 14 29 26 4.9 4.4 27.4 40.0

ВС 3 59 24 2.1 0.9 11.7 8.2

С 10 41 26 5.3 3.4 29.6 30.2

37 17.9 11.0 100.О 100.О

66 The same, 1990 27 212 Аo 5 370 160 2.2 1.0 7.6 5.1

A2 7 36 10 3.0 0.8 10.4 4.1

В 12 43 33 6.2 4.6 21.5 24.5

ВС 10 94 69 11.3 8.3 39.2 42.3

С 10 47 36 6.1 4.7 21.2 24.0

44 28.8 19.6 100.0 100.0

67 V. myrtillus Pine forest, 1990 32 212 Аo 6 140 180 1.0 1.3

68 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 10 221 Аo 6 400 113 2.9 0.8

69 The same, 1990 13 220 Аo 10 310 75 3.7 0.9

70 V. myrtillus Pine and Spruce forest, 1990 32 218 Аo 15 150 60 2.7 1.1

71 V. myrtillus Pine forest, 1990 32 223 Аo 11 160 60 2.1 0.8

72 V. vitis-idaea Pine forest, 1990 53 220 Аo 5 46 23 0.3 0.2 1.9 4.1

А2 10 10 7 1.2 0.8 7.7 16.3

В 20 22 7 4.6 1.5 29.7 30.6

ВС 15 35 8 6.3 1.4 40.7 28.6

С 10 22 7 3.1 1.0 20.0 20.4

60 15.5 4.9 100.0 100.0

73 Green moss Spruce forest, 1990 35 224 Аo 11 60 28 0.8 0.4

74 Lichen Pine forest, 1990 31 227 Аo 4 140 50 0.7 0.2

75 V. vitis-idaea Pine forest, 1990 35 227 Аo 11 80 40 1.1 0.5

76 The same, 1990 38 230 Аo 13 80 8 1.2 0.1

77 Spruce forest with birch, 1990 40 231 Аo 8 90 32 0.9 0.3

78 Empetrum spruce forest, 1990 11 235 Аo 8 410 138 3.8 1.3

79 Heat Pine forest, 1990 32 235 А0 3 70 38 0.3 0.2

80 Pine forest with birch, 1990 45 233 Аo 9 45 10 0.5 0.1 3.4 0.6

A2 13 33 10 5.1 1.6 35.2 10.1

В 11 37 29 4.9 3.8 33.8 23.9

ВС 20 29 33 7.0 7.9 48.3 49.7

С 10 50 18 7.0 2.5 48.3 15.7

63 24.5 15.9 100.0 100.0

81 V. myrtillus Pine forest, 1990 30 238 Аo 2 60 24 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.8

А2 7 50 10 4.2 0.8 9.0 8.8

В 14 70 13 11.8 2.2 25.5 24.3

ВС 15 75 16 13.5 2.9 29.0 31.9

С 20 70 13 16.8 3.1 36.2 34.2

58 46.5 9.1 100.0 100.0

82 Pine forest with birch, 1990 37 238 Аo 5 90 38 0.5 0.3

83 The same, 1990 48 237 Аo 5 45 20 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.9

А2 6 43 12 3.1 0.9 8.7 9.1

В 20 58 15 13.9 3.6 38.8 36.4

ВС 20 58 15 13.9 3.6 38.8 36.4

С 10 35 13 4.6 1.7 12.9 17.2

84 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 9 240 Аo 12 175 75 2.5 1.1

85 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 10 243 Аo 10 145 63 1.7 0.8

86 V. myrtillus Pine forest, 1990 29 244 Аo 5 130 50 0.8 0.3

87 The same, 1990 33 245 Аo 3 140 24 0.5 0.1

88 Heat Pine forest, 1990 47 240 Аo 5 90 22 0.5 0.1 1.5 1.1

А2 9 33 6 3.6 0.7 11.0 7.5

В 13 61 20 9.5 3.1 28.9 33.3

ВС 15 61 19 11.0 3.4 33.4 36.6

С 10 64 15 8.3 2.0 25.2 21.5

52 32.9 9.3 100.0 100.0

89 Licken Pine forest, 1990 53 240 Аo 9 40 18 0.4 0.2 1.3 1.3

A2 8 40 47 4.4 4.5 14.8 30.2

В 27 28 13 9.1 4.2 30.6 28.2

ВС 12 67 28 9.6 4.0 32.3 26.8

С 10 48 15 6.2 2.0 20.9 13.4

66 29.7 14.9 100.0 100.0

90 The same, 1987 80 245 Аo 2 35 19 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.4

А2 4 19 8 0.9 0.4 6.5 8.4

В 26 24 11 6.6 3.0 47.5 61.4

С 10 45 10 6.3 1.4 45.3 28.8

40 13.9 4.9 100.0 100.0

91 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1987 80 247 Аo 10 13 14 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.8

А2 7 13 7 1.1 0.6 7 .1 5.4

В 30 33 21 9.9 6.3 64.3 56.3

С 10 31 30 4.3 4.2 27.9 37.5

57 15.4 11.2 100.0 100.0

92 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 9 250 Аo 8 325 120 3.1 1.2 12.1 19.0

А2 3 40 7 1.4 0.3 5.5 4.8

В 19 25 6 5.7 1.4 22.3 22.2

ВС 40 22 5 10.6 2.4 41.3 38.1

С 10 37 8 4.8 1.0 18.6 15.9

80 25.6 6.3 100.0 100.0

93 V. myrtillus Pine forest, 1990 25 253 Аo 4 70 40 0.3 0.2 1.6 4.1

А2 3 48 9 1.7 0.3 8.9 6.1

В 9 45 13 4.9 1.4 25.7 28.6

ВС 10 64 14 7.7 1.7 40.3 34.7

С 10 35 10 4.5 1.3 23.6 26.5

36 19.1 4.9 100.0 100.0

94 The same, 1990 29 256 Аo 8 100 50 1.0 0.5

А2 4 75 10 3.6 0.5

В 15 33 11 5.9 2.0

ВС 15 72 21 13.0 3.8

95 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 33 257 Аo 10 100 26 1.2 0.3

96 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 35 258 Аo 7 80 25 0.7 0.2

97 The same, 1990 34 260 Аo 6 80 20 0.6 0.1

98 Tundra 1990, 40 265 Аo 6 110 25 0.8 0.2

99 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 9 265 Аo 14 150 50 2.5 0.8 12.1 18.6

А2 3 24 5 0.9 0.2 4.4 4.7

В 13 38 4 5.9 0.6 28.7 14.0

ВС 13 42 12 6.6 1.9 32.0 44.1

С 10 36 6 4.7 0.8 22.8 18.6

53 20.6 4.3 100.0 100.0

100 V. myrtillus and Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 42 265 Аo 3 130 20 0.5 0.1

101 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 36 277 Аo 5 30 25 0.2 0.1

102 The same, 1990 37 282 Аo 7 60 38 0.5 0.3

Аo 7 18 10 0.2 0.1

103 The same, 1990 38 283 Аo 15 80 38 1.4 0.7

104 The same, 1990 40 290 Аo 10 90 14 1.1 0.2

105 Pine forest on burnt area, 1990 21 300 Аo 4 100 50 0.5 0.3

106 V. myrtillus Spruce forest, 1990 27 300 Аo 8 80 22 0.8 0.2

107 Birch forest on burnt area, 1990 19 315 Аo 18 80 50 4.3 2.3

108 Heat Pine forest, 1990 8 324 Аo 5 190 250 2.9 3.8 3.8 12.2

A2 5 89 20 5.3 1.2 7.0 3.9

В 18 128 46 27.6 9.9 36.5 31.7

ВС 20 126 41 30.2 9.8 39.8 31.4

С 10 75 49 9.8 6.5- 12.9 20.8

58 75.8 31.2 100.0 100.0

109 Pine and birch forest, 1990 12 323 Аo 8 240 180 5.8 4.3 14.7 20.5

A2 2 25 б 0.6 0.2 1.5 0.7

В 18 47 18 10.2 3.9 25.9 18.6

ВС 18 44 14 9.5 3.0 24.1 14.3

С 10 102 74 13.3 9.6 33.8 45.7

56 39.4 21.0 100.0 100.0

110 V. vitis-idaea, 1990 18 328 Аo 7 263 88 2.2 0.7

111 Heat Pine forest, 1990 10 330 Аo 14 750 330 31.5 13.9

112 V. myrtillus and Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 16 330 Аo 17 260 70 5.3 1.4

113 Pine forest on burnt area, 1990 21 331 Аo 8 130 48 3.1 1.2 9.2 10.4

A2 8 5 4 0.5 0.4 1.5 3.5

В 15 16 10 0.9 1.8 8.6 15.7

ВС 15 70 20 12.6 3.6 37.4 31.3

С 15 81 25 14.6 4.5 43.3 39.1

61 33.7 11.5 100.0 100.0

114 V. myrtillus Pine forest, 1990 26 330 Аo 5 310 120 1.9 0.7 18.1 18.0

A2 3 48 9 1.7 0.3 16.2 7.7

В 15 22 5 4.0 0.9 38.1 23.1

ВС 15 6 4 1.1 0.7 10.5 17.9

С 10 14 10 1.8 1.3 17.1 33.3

48 10.5 3.9 100.0 100.0

115 Empetrum Spruce forest, 1990 28 333 Аo 9 110 40 1.2 0.4

116 Pine and birch forest, 1990 28 336 Аo 7 160 50 3.4 1.1 12.6 15.9

A2 б 66 16 4.8 1.2 17.8 17.4

В 13 60 16 9.4 2.5 34.8 36.2

BС s 44 12 4.2 1.2 15.6 17.4

С 10 40 7 5.2 0.9 19.3 13.1

44 27.0 6.9 100.0 100.0

117 Heath Pine forest, 1990 32 337 Аo 6 180 60 3.2 1.1 16.0 20 8

B 12 34 7 4.9 1.0 24.5 18.9

BC 15 26 6 4.7 1.1 23.5 20.8

С 25 24 7 7.2 2.1 36.0 39.6

58 20.0 5.3 100.0 100.0

Table 4
Accumulation of nickel and copper in the soils of urban and suburban territories

№/№ Place and tine
of samples gathering Location of plot
relatively to the smelter Horizon Horizon
thickness Content,
mg/kg Quantity in a soil column,
having sg. 1 sg.m Distribution upon
genetic horizons, %

km degreee Ni Cu Ni Cu Ni Cu

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Oats field, 1988 4 45 A(till) 8-20 357 159

2 Headow (embanknent of Lunbolka lake) 1988 4.5 50 A(till) 0-1
1-5
5-20 2425
975
204 1566
639
63

2 Spruce forest (town park) 1988 4.5 55 Ao 7 1327 726 4.6 2.5 15.4 30.9

A2-B 10 26 7 3.1 0.8 10.4 9.9

B 20 81 13 16.2 2.6 54.4 32.0

С 10 42 16 5.9 2.2 19.8 27.2

47 29.8 8.1 100.0 100.0

4 Spruce forest (after-work
Banatotiua), 1988 5 55 Ao 7 1601 905 5.6 3.2 17.3 19.8

A2 5 49 7 2.9 0.4 9.0 2.5

В 40 28 13 11.2 5.2 34.7 32.0

ВС 20 29 19 7.0 4.6 21.7 28.4

С 10 40 20 5.6 2.8 17.3 17.3

82 32.3 16.2 100.0 100.0

5 Pine-burch forest, top of slope
(Forest Inst. Station), 1986 6 65 Ao 5 1345 640 10.1 4.8 18.8 24.0

A2 4 92 26 4.2 1.2 7.9 6.0

В 7 97 33 7.1 2.4 13.3 12.0

ВС 16 112 31 21.5 6.0 40.3 30.0

С 10 75 40 10.5 5.6 19.7 28.0

42 53.4 20.0 100.0 100.0

6 The same place,
Bottom of slope, 1986 6 65 Ao 7 1025 464 10.8 4.9 22.7 19.8

A2 6 45 13 3.1 0.9 6.5 3.6

В 18 58 30 10.0 8.7 21.0 23.0

ВС 15 73 42 13.1 7.6 27.6 30.8

С 10 75 40 10.5 5.6 22.2 22.6

56 47.5 24.7 100.0 100.0

7 Vaccinium vitis-idaea pine forest,
(Moncha settlement), 1988 4 80 Ao 25 590 297 22.1 11.1 48.5 44.8

A2-B 5 68 13 3.9 0.7 8.5 2.8

ВС 30 40 28 12.6 8.8 27.6 35.5

С 10 50 30 7.0 4.2 27.6 35.5
70 45.6 24.8 100.0 100.0

8 The same
(Moncha settlement), 1988 5 80 Ao 8 652 386 7.8 4.6 16.2 12.3

A2 3 37 12 1.3 0.4 2.7 1.1

В 50 44 32 23.1 16.8 47.8 48.0

ВС 20 38 47 9.1 11.3 18.8 30.3

С 10 50 30 7.0 4.2 14.5 11.3

91 48.3 37.3 100.0 100.0

9 The same (Moncha settlement), 1988 6 80 Ao 4 871 387 5.2 2.3 15.8 10.2

A2 4 50 7 2.3 0.3 7.0 1.3

В 25 48 42 17.6 15.5 53.5 68.6

С 10 56 32 7.8 4.5 23.7 19.9

53 32.9 22.6 100.0 100.0

10 The same(Ridje-bay settl.), 1988 12 125 Ao 6 315 142 2.8 1.3 16.2 8.1

A2 17 12 5 2.3 1.0 13.3 6.2

В 23 32 28 7.7 6.7 44.5 41.6

ВС 16 18 22 3.5 4.2 22.2 26.1

С 10 8 24 1.0 2.9 5.8 18.0

53 32.9 22.6 100.0 100.0

11 Technogenic heath
(Grass lake), 1988 2 0 Ao 3 2499 1898 75.0 57.0 48.5 53.2

A2 3 2429 6183 3.7 9.3 2.4 8.7

В 6 198 465 11.9 27.9 7.7 26.1

ВС 13 219 44 34.2 6.9 22.2 6.4

С 10 212 43 29.7 6.0 19.2 5.6

53 32.9 22.6 100.0 100.0

12 Burnt area, 1988 3 0 Ao 5 9288 4622 23.2 11.6 18.5 16.8

A2 3 120 171 4.3 6.2 3.5 8.9

В 10 260 206 26.0 20.1 20.8 28.9

ВС 14 278 161 46.7 27.0 37.2 38.8

С 10 180 33 25.2 4.6 20.0 6.6

53 32.9 22.6 100.0 100.0

13 Meadow (Reed lake), 1988 1.5 296 Ao 7 2798 1552 9.8 5.4 13.4 18.6

A2 3 96 11 3.5 4.0 4.8 13.8

В 9 156 43 14.0 4.1 19.2 14.2

ВС 12 177 56 25.5 8.1 34.9 27.9

С 10 144 53 20.2 7.4 27.7 25.5

41 73.0 29.0 100.0 100.0

14 Felled area (Slope of Nittis hill), 1988 2.5 270 Ao 1 1334 486 4.7 1.7 11.5 9.3

A2 4 85 22 4.1 1.1 10.0 6.0

В 8 98 33 7.8 2.6 19.2 14.2

ВС 15

15 Enpetrun spruce forest, 1986 3 245 Ao 4 1807 441 3.6 0.9 4.1 8.5

А2 3 157 33 5.7 1.2 6.4 11.3

В 10 144 21 14.4 2.1 16.3 19.8

ВС 11 241 22 31.8 2.9 36.0 27.4

С 10 235 25 32.9 3.5 37.2 33.0

38 88.4 10.6 100.0 100.0

Table 5
Accumulation of nickel and copper by genetic horizons of sphagnum bog soil

No of bog
(forest) site* Place and time
of samples gathering Plot position Horizon depth Content, mg/kg

distance km azimuth (°) cm Ni Cu

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1
(1) Moncha lake -
Sukhoy porog, 1989 20 0 0-5 1600 900
5-10 210 50

15-20 125 25

2
(2) Moncha lake -
Pivnus-bay, 1989 16 15 0-5 900 5702

5-10 400 75

10-15 290 50

15-20 180 30

3 Koim lake, 1990 19 70 0-5 275 189

5-10 148 68

10-15 133 124

15-20 138 68

4
(10) Imandra lake -
Pustay bay, 1989 20 70 0-5 80 22

5-10

10-15 30 38

15-20 125 25

5
(15) Imandra lake -
Moncha bay, SW shore, 1990 9 80 0-5 503 302

5-10 180 47

10-15 54 34

15-20 33 10

6
(14) Imandra lake -
Moncha bay, NE shore, 1990 10 79 0-5 505 305

5-10 340 106

10-15 215 67

15-20 83 68

7 Big Imandra lake -
(opposite Koim island), 1990 14 85 0-5 200 169

5-10 205 100

10-15 150 33

15-20 52 41

8
(15) Big Imandra lake - Moncha bay,
left shore, Alder cape, 1990 13 94 0-5 652 290

5-10 240 90

10-15 150 35

15-20 54 19

9
(17) Imandra lake -
Beaver bay, 1990 11 106 0-5 450 380

5-10 355 192

10-15 255 84

15-20 109 56

10
(46) Lower Chuna river -
the mouth, 1990 32 186 0-5 275 94

5-10 143 50

10-15 88 35

15-29 55 39

11
(48) Ostrovskoye lake,
West shore, 1990 12 190 0-5 1400

5-10 290

10-15 240

12
(28) Vitte river,
the mouth, 1990 14 190 0-5 1225 500

5-10 50 18

10-15 50 19

13
(51,52) Kenzis-yavr (lake), 1990 23 197 0-5 513 222

5-10 218 220

10-15 65 58

14
(55) El-yavr (lake),
the North end, 1990 26.5 197 0-5 450 150

5-10 300 106

10-15 240 91

15
(55) El-yavr (lake),
the North end, 1990 27 197 0-5 425 125

5-10 83 58

10-15 35 50

15-20 60 53

16
(47) Ostrovekoye lake,
the East shcra, 1990 11.5 203 0-5 2500 1634

5-10 275 129

10-15 108 30

15-20 65 17

17
(55) Tulp lake,
the South shore, 1990 23.5 202 0-5 700 294

5-10 218 68

10-15 100 38

15-20 75 36

18
(60) Vitte river,
the left bank, 1990 10 210 0-5 1375

5-10 425

10-15 350

19
(102) Kupes lake,
near the cordon, 1990 37 282 0-5 20 12

5-10 15 13

10-15 15 12

15-20 13 15

20
(104) Nyavka lake,
NE bay , 1990 40 290 0-5 23 12

5-10 13 9

10-15 13 8

15-20 13 6

21 Sig lake, 1990 33 298 0-5 30 27

5-10 30 18

10-15 35 18

15-20 13 19

*Samples from the forest sites (for the compareson) are numbered according to Tab. 4

References

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